Anesthesiology is a unique field of medicine. Although it originated more than a century ago, its real progress occurred in the last several decades. Thanks to the accumulation of knowledge and progress of technology, the scope of anesthesiology today has already extended far beyond clinical anesthesia. It also covers critical care in the recovery room or the intensive care unit, pain control for patients with cancer or chronic pain, life support in the emergency room or the ward, as well as basic researches in anesthesiology.