The techniques of transesophageal echocardiography and evoked potentials of the nervous system for intraoperative monitoring have been substantially emphasized, incorporated into the training program of residents, and utilized to cultivate expertness for each subspecialty. Basic researches of the Department focus on the effects of analgesics on the central nervous system and immune functions. The Department is divided into four divisions: (1) Clinical Anesthesia, (2) Pain Management, (3) Basic Anesthesia and (4) Critical Care.